文字的筆畫、筆形。 宋陳恩《菁華》卷六：“ 杜 氏之杰有骨力而字畫微瘦?！?宋蘇軾《李房藏書記》：“自 秦 漢 以來，作者益眾，紙與字畫，日趨于簡便?！?清王士禛《池北偶談·談藝三·張浚書》：“ 宋 張魏公手書謁范文正公 祠一絕……字畫甚拙，詩亦劣?！奔礊闀嫛Ｒ簿褪菚ê屠L畫作品的統(tǒng)稱。 宋 蘇軾 《東坡志林》卷八：“ 唐 末 五代 ，文章藻麗，字畫隨之。”《西湖佳話·六橋才跡》：“張二抱扇叩頭而出，才走出府門，早有好事的，見是蘇東坡的字畫，都情愿出千錢一柄?！薄都t樓夢》第三七回：“索性湊成十二個(gè)，就全了；也和人家的字畫冊頁一樣。”曹禺《北京人》第二幕：“想想這所屋子除了啃我們字畫的耗子還有什么？”

　　The strokes and shapes of characters. Song Chen'en's "Jinghua" Volume 6: "Du Shi's heroes have bone strength, but their calligraphy and painting are slightly thin." Song Su Shi's "Record of Li Fang's Book Collection": "Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the number of authors has increased, and paper and calligraphy and painting have become increasingly simple." Qing Wang Shixun's "Discussions on the Art of Chibei Part Three: Zhang Jun's Book": "Song Zhang Wei Gong's handwritten visit to Fan Wenzheng Gong Temple is a masterpiece... His calligraphy and painting are very poor, and his poetry is also inferior. It is a general term for calligraphy and painting works. Song Su Shi's "Records of Su Dongpo in the Forest" Volume 8: "In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the literary style was magnificent, and the calligraphy and painting followed suit." In "Tales of West Lake: Six Bridges of Talent": "Zhang Er knocked on his head with a fan and walked out of the mansion. There had been good things for a long time, and when he saw that it was Su Dongpo's calligraphy and painting, he was willing to pay a thousand yuan per handle." In Chapter 37 of "Dream of the Red Chamber": "So we gathered twelve pieces together, and it was all done; it was just like other people's calligraphy and painting albums." Cao Yu's "Peking Man" Act 2: "Think about what else in this house besides the mice gnawing on our calligraphy and painting

　　一品相問題：品相是指字畫的“相貌”狀況，這些都是影響字畫價(jià)值的重要因素。如果購買古舊字畫，更應(yīng)注意品相問題。

　　The issue of appearance: Appearance refers to the "appearance" of calligraphy and painting, which are important factors affecting the value of calligraphy and painting. If you purchase antique calligraphy and paintings, you should pay more attention to their appearance.

　　二問題：名人字畫的定價(jià)不受物價(jià)部門的約束，所以在購買名家字畫時(shí)，要了解行情，或請內(nèi)行把關(guān)，以免上當(dāng)。

　　Price issue: The pricing of celebrity calligraphy and painting is not subject to the constraints of the national price department, so when purchasing celebrity calligraphy and painting, the first thing to do is to understand the market or ask experts to check, in order to avoid being deceived.

　　三真假問題：名人字畫市場贗品泛濫，購買名家字畫時(shí)，應(yīng)請行家掌眼，以防買來假貨。穩(wěn)妥的辦法是直接從字畫家手中購求，或從有信譽(yù)的畫廊處購買。

　　Three issues of authenticity: The celebrity calligraphy and painting market is flooded with counterfeit goods. When purchasing famous calligraphy and paintings, one should seek the attention of experts to prevent the purchase of counterfeit goods. The safest way is to purchase directly from the calligrapher or from a reputable gallery.

　　四水平問題：名人字畫藝術(shù)水平的高低是衡量其收藏價(jià)值的基本因素，名家之作也未必幅幅都是精品，應(yīng)酬之作等無法體現(xiàn)其應(yīng)有的藝術(shù)水平，因而與精品的價(jià)值也大相徑庭。

　　The four level issue: The level of artistic skill in celebrity calligraphy and painting is a fundamental factor in measuring their collection value. The works of famous artists may not necessarily be masterpieces, and social works cannot reflect their expected artistic level, thus their value is vastly different from that of masterpieces.

　　五尺幅問題：名人字畫的銷售有的以幅為計(jì)價(jià)單位，幅是指常規(guī)幅面，即不小于4尺3開者，有的則以平方尺為計(jì)價(jià)單位。所以同一位名家的作品，幅面越大，其價(jià)值越高。如幅面小于4尺3開的小品，其價(jià)值就不能與常規(guī)幅面的字畫相提并論。

　　Five foot size issue: Some sales of celebrity calligraphy and painting are priced based on the size of the piece, which refers to a regular size of no less than 4 feet and 3 openings, while others are priced based on square feet. So the larger the format of a work by the same famous artist, the higher its value. If the size of the sketch is less than 4 feet and 3 openings, its value cannot be compared to that of conventional calligraphy and painting.

　　六代表作問題：所謂代表作主要是指字畫家擅長項(xiàng)目，如齊白石畫蝦蟹、徐悲鴻畫馬、黃胄畫驢、李可染畫山水或牛等。對書法家而言，有的以草字見長、有的以篆字見長，如果字畫家的作品不是其擅長的項(xiàng)目，其價(jià)值即遜一籌。

　　The issue of the Six Representative Works: The so-called representative works mainly refer to the projects that calligraphers are good at, such as Qi Baishi painting shrimp and crab, Xu Beihong painting horses, Huang Zhou painting donkeys, Li Keran painting landscapes or cows, etc. For calligraphers, some excel in cursive script, while others excel in seal script. If the works of a calligrapher are not their forte, their value will be inferior.

　　七裱工問題：裱工是指字畫裱件的裝裱質(zhì)量。有的字畫裱件做工粗糙，或不平展，或殘脫，或有折痕，或受濕受污等等。這些情況不但影響懸掛和欣賞，而且危及字畫的壽命，也削弱了字畫應(yīng)有的價(jià)值。

　　Seven framing issues: framing refers to the quality of mounting for calligraphy and painting. Some calligraphy and painting mounting pieces have rough workmanship, are uneven, torn, creased, or exposed to moisture and dirt, and so on. These situations not only affect hanging and appreciation, but also endanger the lifespan of calligraphy and painting, and weaken the value that calligraphy and painting should have.

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